RussiaKapitel
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Source: The CIA World Factbook - Russia
Kennzahlen
- Fläche
- 17,098,242 km2
- Bevölkerung
- 142,320,790 (July 2021 est.)
- Regierungsform
- semi-presidential federation
- Sprachen
- Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)
- BIP
- $1.483 trillion (2020 est.)
- Wachstumsrate
- -2.9% (2020 est.)
- HDI
- 52
- Hauptstadt
- Moscow
Makroökonomische Indikatoren
Growth is projected to continue at a moderate pace. Private consumption and investment will benefit from a boost to confidence from higher oil prices and sound macroeconomic policies which have improved financial conditions. Limits on oil production from the OPEC+ agreement will constrain export growth. Modest income growth keeps inequality and poverty high. Oil price uncertainty, international sanctions, and the post-presidential election agenda weigh on the outlook.
Fiscal policy has been tight due to financing constraints on account of sanctions and the exhaustion of the Stabilisation Fund. Consolidation is enforced by a new fiscal rule, which sets spending and deficit based on revenue corresponding to a USD 40 per barrel oil price. Over time, spending on education, health and infrastructure should be increased to reduce inequality and poverty. Monetary easing will support demand as inflation expectations are contained. Fiscal and pension reforms are needed to boost potential growth given a declining labour force and low productivity.
Source: OECD - Economic Forecast
IMF Statistics:
| Subject descriptor | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gross domestic product, constant prices Percent change (Units) |
5.988 |
-1.201 |
3.585 |
3.163 |
1.811 |
|
Gross domestic product, current prices Percent change (Billions) |
1,843.131 |
2,272.262 |
1,997.030 |
2,056.844 |
2,090.522 |
|
Gross domestic product per capita, current prices Percent change (Units) |
12,635.953 |
15,487.696 |
13,647.814 |
14,391.176 |
14,659.325 |
|
Inflation, average consumer prices Percent change (Units) |
6.694 |
13.750 |
5.859 |
6.870 |
4.548 |
|
Volume of imports of goods and services Percent change (Units) |
16.658 |
-14.590 |
15.958 |
1.548 |
1.896 |
|
Volume of exports of goods and services Percent change (Units) |
0.557 |
-8.407 |
-15.602 |
6.544 |
5.857 |
|
Unemployment rate Percent change (Units) |
4.825 |
3.942 |
3.167 |
3.117 |
3.201 |
|
Current account balance Percent change (Billions) |
122.114 |
238.036 |
50.565 |
55.830 |
57.153 |
|
Current account balance Percent change (Units) |
6.625 |
10.476 |
2.532 |
2.714 |
2.734 |
Estimates
Source: IMF Statistics - Russia
Luxemburg und das Land
Existing conventions and Agreements
Non double taxation agreement
In order to promote international economic and financial relations in the interest of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg government negotiates bilateral agreements for the avoidance of double taxation and prevent fiscal evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and on fortune with third countries.
- Convention from, 28.06.1993 (Memorial 1995, A No.68, p.1689)
- Effective as of 01.01.1998(Memorial 1995, A No.68, p.1689)
- Amendment of the Convention from 21.11.2011 (Memorial 2013, A No.114, p.1715)
- Effective as of 01.01.2014 (Memorial 2013, A No.114, p.1715)
Air Services agreement
- Convention from 7.5.1997 (Memorial 1999, A, p. 1538 )
- Effective as of 24.6.1999 (Memorial 1999, A, p. 642)
Weitere Informationen
Foreign Trade
The Statec Foreign Trade statistics provide information on the trade of goods - by product and by country. This information is collected respectively through the INTRASTAT declaration and on the basis of customs documents.
You can see the statistics on the website of the Statec.
Contact points in Russia
Embassy of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in Russia
Ambassador with residence in Moscow: Mr Georges FABER
Khrouchtchevsky Pereoulok 3,
119 034 Moscow
Russia
Tel.: (+7-495) 786 66 63
Consular Tel.: (+7-495) 786 66 65
Fax: (+7-495) 786 66 69
Consular Fax: (+7-499) 786 66 67
E-mail: moscou.amb@mae.etat.lu
Website: moscou.mae.lu
Honorary Consuls
Honorary Consul with jurisdiction over the Provinces of Sverdlovsk and Khabarovsk Krai:
Mr Vladimir EVTUSHENKOV
Bureau in Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk Oblast):
615 Office
22, Karl Liebknecht street
620075 Ekaterunbourg
Russia
Tel.: +7 495 921 12 800 ext. 13604
E-Mail: OGricenko@mtsbank.ru
Contact person: Mr. Oleg Gricenko
Bureau in Khabarovsk (kraï de Khabarovsk):
51, Leningradskaya street
680021 Khabarovsk
Russia
Tel.: +7 495 921 12 800 ext. 11374
E-Mail: YKorolev@mtsbank.ru
Contact person: Mr. Yuriy Korolev
Honorary Consul with jurisdiction over the Province of Novosibirsk and Kemerovo:
Mr Roman TROTSENKO
633104, région de Novossibirsk,
Ville Ob, aéroport Tolmatchëvo
Russia
Tel.: (+7) 913 906 26 22
E-Mail: novossibirsk@consul-hon.lu
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg
Economic sanctions Helpdesk
https://www.cc.lu/en/thematic-dossiers/economic-sanctions-helpdesk